The effect has occasionally been applied in the arts by writing or drawing with a light source recorded by a camera with a long exposure time.Ĭolors on spinning tops or rotating wheels mix together if the motion is too fast to register the details. The apparent line of light behind a fast moving luminous object is known as the "sparkler's trail effect", since it is commonly known from the use of sparklers. Basically everything that resembles motion blur seen in fast moving objects could be regarded as "persistence of vision". In 1768, Patrick D'Arcy recognised the effect in "the luminous ring that we see by turning a torch quickly, the fire wheels in the fireworks, the flattened spindle shape we see in a vibrating cord, the continuous circle we see in a cogwheel that turns with speed". Some natural phenomena and the principles of some optical toys have been attributed to the persistence of vision effect.
Sensory memory has been cited as a cause. Nerves and parts of the brain later became accepted as important factors. Įarly descriptions of the illusion often attributed the effect purely to the physiology of the eye, particularly of the retina. The illusion of motion as a result of fast intermittent presentations of sequential images is a stroboscopic effect, as detailed by inventor Simon Stampfer. If "persistence of vision" is explained as "flicker fusion", it can be regarded as the reason why the dark intervals do not interrupt the continuous impression of a depicted scene. However, this theory has been disputed even before cinematography's breakthrough in 1895. Since its introduction, the term "persistence of vision" has been believed to be the explanation for motion perception in optical toys like the phenakistiscope and the zoetrope, and later in cinema. When the frequency is too high for the visual system to discern differences between moments, light and dark impressions fuse together into a continuous impression of the scene with intermediate brightness. "Persistence of vision" can also be understood to mean the same as " flicker fusion", the effect that vision seems to persist continuously when the light that enters the eyes is interrupted with short and regular intervals. Many explanations of the illusion actually seem to describe either positive afterimages or motion blur. A very commonly given example of the phenomenon is the apparent fiery trail of a glowing coal or burning stick while it is whirled around in the dark.
The illusion has also been described as "retinal persistence", "persistence of impressions", simply "persistence" and other variations. Persistence of vision traditionally refers to the optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of an object does not cease for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye. For other uses, see Persistence of vision (disambiguation). This article is about the optical illusion.
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